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[Page 1] Red Hat ENTERPRISE LINUX 4 - STEP BY STEP GUIDE

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide ...

[Page 2] Red Hat ENTERPRISE LINUX 4 - STEP BY STEP GUIDE

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide Copyright © 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA Phone: +1 919 754 3700 Phone: 888 733 4281 Fax: +1 919 754 3701 PO Box 13588 Research T...

[Page 3] Red Hat ENTERPRISE LINUX 4 - STEP BY STEP GUIDE

Table of Contents Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... i 1. Architecture-specific Information ............................................

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7. Email Applications.............................................................................................................. 81 7.1. Evolution........................................................................................................

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IV. Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 133 A. KDE: The K Desktop Environment ......................................................................

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Introduction Welcome to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide! By now, you should have read the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Installation Guide and successfully in- stalled Red Hat Enterprise Linux. This manual is designed to help new and inter...

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ii Introduction 2. Changes to This Manual This manual was previously published under the title Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide. It has been renamed and incorporated into the Red Hat Enterprise Linux documentation set. It has been modified to inc...

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Introduction iii [key] A key on the keyboard is shown in this style. For example: To use [Tab] completion, type in a character and then press the [Tab] key. Your terminal displays the list of files in the directory that start with that letter. [key]...

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iv Introduction user input Text that the user has to type, either on the command line, or into a text box on a GUI screen, is displayed in this style. In the following example, text is displayed in this style: To boot your system into the text based ...

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Introduction v 4. Copying and Pasting Text With X Copying and pasting text is easy using your mouse and the X Window System. To copy text, click and drag your mouse over the text to highlight it. To paste the text somewhere, click the middle mouse bu...

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vi Introduction ...

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I. Starting Out To begin the journey of using your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system, you need to learn the basics. This part introduces the concepts and terms that help you get the most out of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and learn some of its exciting f...

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Chapter 1. Getting Started From booting up to shutting down, whether you are working or playing, Red Hat Enterprise Linux provides tools and applications to help you get the most out of your computing environment. This chapter guides you through some...

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2 Chapter 1. Getting Started The Setup Agent first prompts you to read and agree to the License Agreement, which discusses your rights in using Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Click Yes, I agree to the License Agreement and click Next to continue. Importa...

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Chapter 1. Getting Started 3 You may also synchronize your date and time automatically with a network time server — a computer that sends accurate date and time settings to your system through a network connection. Select, the Network Time Protocol...

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4 Chapter 1. Getting Started Figure 1-7. Activation To activate an existing Red Hat subscription, enter the Activation Number in the appropriate field. Otherwise, select I do not have a subscription number. Click Next to continue. Figure 1-8. User A...

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Chapter 1. Getting Started 5 Figure 1-9. Sound Card The Setup Agent probes your system for sound cards and attempts to configure the correct settings for use with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. You can then click the Play test sound button to play a soun...

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6 Chapter 1. Getting Started Figure 1-11. Finish Setup Now that your system is configured, you are ready to log in and start using Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Press Forward to exit the Setup Agent. 1.2. Introductory Terms When you learn about a new op...

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Chapter 1. Getting Started 7 using the root account, which can reduce the chance of damaging your Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation or applications permanently. • RPM: RPM stands for RPM Package Manager and is how Red Hat builds and delivers it...

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8 Chapter 1. Getting Started If you have already created and logged in to a user account, you can skip ahead to Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop. If you created only the root account, refer to Section 1.6 Creating a User Account to learn how to ...

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Chapter 1. Getting Started 9 Kernel 2.4.21-3.EL on an i686 localhost login: Unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname, which is primarily used in a network setting, your machine will probably be called localhost.localdomain. To log...

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10 Chapter 1. Getting Started 1.6. Creating a User Account When you first started your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system after installation, you were given the opportunity to create one or more user accounts using the Setup Agent. If you did not creat...

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Chapter 1. Getting Started 11 6. At the Retype new password: prompt, enter the same password to confirm your selection. Important You should take precautions when you choose a password. The password is the key to your account, so it should be both u...

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12 Chapter 1. Getting Started Figure 1-17. Reading a Man Page with the Shell Prompt To navigate the man page you can use the "arrow" keys or use the [Spacebar] to move down one page and [B] to move up. To exit the man page, type [Q]. To sea...

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Chapter 1. Getting Started 13 Figure 1-18. Package Management Tool Displaying Documentation Available for Installation If you have downloaded individual documentation RPM packages from the Red Hat website at http://www.redhat.com/docs/ you can instal...

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14 Chapter 1. Getting Started Figure 1-19. Logout Confirmation 1.8.2. Virtual Console Logout If you are not using the X Window System, and you logged in at the console, type exit or [Ctrl]-[D] to log out of the console session. 1.9. Shutting Down yo...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes a powerful graphical desktop environment where you can easily access your applications, files, and system resources. Both new and experienced users can take full advantage of t...

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16 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 2.1.1. Using the Computer icon Figure 2-2. Double-clicking the Computer icon takes you to a list of all of the devices on your system. A device is anything connected to your computer to which data is sent or ...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 17 under the icon varies according to your user name. If you are logged in as root, the label reads root’s Home. User "joe" would see the label joe’s Home. Figure 2-3. User’s Home Double-clicking...

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18 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop Figure 2-4. Customizing Nautilus - View Tab Views Tab The Views tab allows you to choose how your files and folders are displayed. You can also choose a Default Zoom Level. Zooming in on icons not only incre...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 19 2.2. Using the Desktop Other icons on the desktop can be shortcuts to files, folders, and application launchers. To open a folder or launch an application, double-click on its icon. Figure 2-5. The Graphical...

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20 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop To manually create an application launcher: 1. First, you must know the name of the application for which you are creating a launcher. For the purpose of this example, assume the application is gedit. 2. Next...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 21 Figure 2-7. Example of a link to a file 2.3. Using the Panel The long gray bars across the top and bottom of the screen are the Panels. The top Panel contains both the Applications and Actions menus. It also...

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22 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 2.3.1. Standard Applets There are a few applets that run on the panels by default. These important applets are covered in the following sections. 2.3.1.1. Workspace Switcher Figure 2-10. The Workspace Switche...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 23 Red Hat Network Alert Notification Tool Part of the Notification Area, the Red Hat Network Alert Notification Tool provides you with an easy way to make sure your system is up-to-date with current errata a...

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24 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop Figure 2-13. The Weather Report Applet on the Panel Individual applets may also be configured. By right-clicking on any applet icon on the Panel, you are given a short menu that includes Preferences. These p...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 25 2.3.4. Adding Additional Panels Figure 2-15. The Desktop with two additional Panels It may at times be convenient to have additional Panels. It is easy to add as many panels to your desktop as fits on the sc...

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26 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop • Printing: The Printer Configuration Tool allows you to add a new printer to your system, whether it is connected to your computer or is available on a network. • Soundcard Detection: The Sound Card Con...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 27 2.5.1. Configuring your Background Figure 2-16. The Desktop Background Preferences tool One way to dramatically alter the appearance of your graphical desktop is to change the background using the Desktop Ba...

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28 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop Figure 2-17. The Desktop with a new background 2.5.2. Keyboard Shortcuts Figure 2-18. The Keyboard Shortcuts application You can create keyboard shortcuts — pressing a combination of keys on the keyboard �...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 29 6. Pressing [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[2] at any time takes you to Workspace 2. Likewise, pressing [Ctrl]-[Alt]- [3] takes you to workspace 3, [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[4] takes you to workspace 4, and [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[1] takes you back...

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30 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop Figure 2-20. Selecting sounds to accompany events 2.5.4. Screensaver Figure 2-21. The screensaver tool Double-click the Screensaver icon to launch the Screensaver Preferences tool. The list on the left displa...

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Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 31 2.5.5. Removable Storage Figure 2-22. Options for usage of removable storage Launch the Removable Storage tool from the Applications => Preferences sub-menu. The application opens a list of options for the...

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32 Chapter 2. Using the Graphical Desktop 1. Select Session from the menu at the bottom left of the login screen. A window appears with a list of several different desktop environments. 2. Choose one, and select OK. 3. Enter your login and password a...

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Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories This chapter explores the general format of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux file system. It bridges the differences between using Nautilus to manage the files on your system and using a shell prompt to manage...

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34 Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories You might think of the file system as a tree and directories as branches. There would be no tree without a root, and the same is true for the Red Hat Enterprise Linux file system. No matter how far away ...

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Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories 35 /var/www/html/pics/birthday/. The relative path is: ../birthday/. The absolute path is: /var/www/html/pics/birthday/. Clearly, the relative path is shorter in this case. There is no right or wrong choice: ...

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36 Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories 3.3.1.3. System Files • .conf — a configuration file; configuration files sometimes use the .cfg extension, as well • .lock — a lock file; determines whether a program or device is in use • ...

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Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories 37 There are a few special characters you cannot use in file names. You cannot use a "/" — this indicates a directory. You cannot name a file "." or "..", for reasons discuss...

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38 Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories Tip If you are using a file manager (such as Nautilus), you can double-click the file you wish to unar- chive or decompress to start File Roller. The File Roller browser window appears with the decom- pr...

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Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories 39 3.4.1.2. Creating Archives with File Roller Figure 3-3. Creating an Archive with File Roller File Roller allows you to create archives of your files and directories. To create a new archive, click New on ...

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40 Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories Table 3-1. Compression Tools By convention, files compressed with bzip2 are given the extension .bz2, files compressed with gzip are given the extension .gz, and files compressed with zip are given the ...

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Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories 41 The above command compresses file1, file2, file3, and the contents of the /usr/work/school/ directory (assuming this directory exists) and places them in a file named filename.gz. Tip For more information...

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42 Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories • -v — show the progress of the files being archived • -x — extract files from an archive • -z — compress the tar file with gzip • -j — compress the tar file with bzip2 To create a tar ...

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Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories 43 tar files compressed with gzip are conventionally given the extension .tgz. This command creates the archive file filename.tar and compresses it as the file filename.tgz. (The file filename.tar is not ...

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44 Chapter 3. Managing Files and Directories ...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 4.1. Why Use a Shell Prompt Graphical environments for Linux have come a long way in the past few years. You can be perfectly productive in the X Window System and only have to open a shell prompt to complete a few task...

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46 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics When the Free Software Foundation sought a royalty-free shell, developers began to work on the language behind the Bourne shell as well as some of the popular features from other shells available at the time. The res...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 47 than any others, "$" and "#". The first symbol, "$", is the last character in the prompt when you are logged in as a normal user. The shell prompt for a normal user looks something like...

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48 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 4.3.4.1. Tab Completion Tab completion is one of the most useful shortcuts available at the command line. Red Hat Enterprise Linux has the ability to "guess" what command, directory, or filename you are en...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 49 Commands that you only typed partially and did not follow with [Enter] are not saved into your command history file. To clear your command history, type history -c. By default, Red Hat Enterprise Linux stores 1000 c...

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50 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics Using the backslash (\), you can specify that you do not want to search out everything by using the asterisk, but you are instead looking for a file with an asterisk in the name. If the file is called sneak*.txt, t...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 51 Sometimes, you may accidentally open a program file or some other non-text file in a terminal window. When you close the file, you could find that the text you are typing does not match the output on the monitor....

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52 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics Action Command Format Details Move a file mv mv which_file destination To move a file from one directory to another, use mv. Rename a file mv mv oldname newname The use of the mv command changes the name of the �...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 53 Figure 4-3. Sample ls Output for the /etc Directory The following is a brief list of options commonly used with ls. Remember, you can view the full list by reading the ls man page (man ls). • -a (all) — Lists all...

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54 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics To copy a file to a different direcoty, specify a path as the third word on the command line: cp original_file /dir1/dir2/ This command creates a copy of original_file in dir2/. If the last part of the path is a fi...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 55 Note You can only move files to a directory that already exists: Linux will not create a new directory with the mv command. 4.5.4. Renaming files with mv To rename a file or directory, use the mv command. To renam...

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56 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics Tip The interactive, or -i, option for rm causes it to ask if you are sure before permanently deleting a file or directory. You can make this the default behavior for rm by editing the .bashrc file. This file is l...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 57 • cd ~ — Also returns you to your login directory • cd / — Takes you to the entire system’s root directory. • cd /root — Takes you to the home directory of the root user. You must be the root user to ac...

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58 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics With locate, you can see every file or directory whose name contains the search criterion. For ex- ample, to search for all files with the word finger in the name, type: locate finger The locate command uses a data...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 59 Tip Checking the usage of a command using whatis before reading the man page can save you some time. 4.8. Viewing text files from the shell prompt Red Hat Enterprise Linux has several applications that allow you to ...

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60 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics The main difference between more and less is that less allows backward and single-line movement using the same navigation as man pages: press the [Space] bar to go down one page, the [B] to go back one page, the dire...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 61 Using cat, the pipe (|), and less together displays the file one page at a time. You can then use the up and down arrow keys to move backward and forward through the pages. cat <filename> | less The above comm...

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62 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics The following screen is another example, redirecting three more lines of text to create the file bar.txt. Figure 4-5. Redirecting Output to a Second File The following screen demonstrates cat’s concatenate functio...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 63 Figure 4-7. Contents of example1.txt Caution Be careful when you redirect the output to a file, because you can easily overwrite an existing file! Make sure the name of the file you are creating does not match the...

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64 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics Figure 4-9. diff Comparison of example1.txt and foo.txt 4.9.4. Redirecting Standard Input You can also perform the same type of redirection with standard input. When you use the redirect standard input symbol <, y...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 65 4.11. Ownership and Permissions As a regular user, try to enter root’s home directory by entering the command cd /root/. Note the error message: -bash: cd: /root/: Permission denied That was one demonstration of Li...

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66 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics • d — a directory • - (dash) — a regular file (rather than directory or link) • l — a symbolic link to another program or file elsewhere on the system Others are possible, but are beyond the scope of th...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 67 Now, type the following: chmod o+w foo.txt The o+w command tells the system you want to give others write permission to the file foo.txt. To check the results, list the file’s details again. Now, the file looks ...

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68 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics chmod u+rw foo.txt Use the command cat foo.txt to verify that you, the file owner, can read the file again. Here are some common examples of settings that can be used with chmod: • g+w — adds write access for t...

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Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics 69 Each permission setting can be represented by a numerical value: • r = 4 • w = 2 • x = 1 • - = 0 When these values are added together, the total is used to set specific permissions. For example, if you want ...

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70 Chapter 4. Shell Prompt Basics Setting Numerical Meaning -rwx------ (700) Only the owner has read, write, and execute permissions. -rwxr-xr-x (755) The owner has read, write, and execute permissions; the group and others have only read and execute...

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II. Using Your System Now that you have begun exploring your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system, you can start using some of the many applications that are included with it. From Internet surfing and personal productivity, to games and beyond, this par...

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Chapter 5. Connecting to the Internet Perhaps the most important change in communication since the telephone, the Internet is a large part of our world today. Red Hat Enterprise Linux has the tools necessary to allow you to connect to that world. The...

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74 Chapter 5. Connecting to the Internet 5.1. The Internet Configuration Wizard Figure 5-1. Internet Configuration Wizard Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes the Internet Configuration Wizard. The Internet Configuration Wizard is available from the...

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Chapter 5. Connecting to the Internet 75 4. The left pane lists each of the possible connections. Choose Modem connection and click the Forward button. 5. Red Hat Enterprise Linux probes for a working modem installed on your computer. If it does not ...

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76 Chapter 5. Connecting to the Internet DHCP You may be required to configure your sytem to obtain an IP address through DHCP. To configure this type of connection, start the Internet Configuration Wizard, select Ethernet Connection, and select D...

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Chapter 6. Web Browsing Once you have configured your Internet connection (refer to Chapter 5 Connecting to the Internet), you are ready to browse the Internet. Red Hat Enterprise Linux comes with several Web browsers, graphical applications that us...

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78 Chapter 6. Web Browsing Figure 6-2. Navigation Toolbar Enter a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) — the name or address of a web site — into the address field. Firefox moves immediately to the web site. The Search field uses the most popular sea...

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Chapter 6. Web Browsing 79 Figure 6-5. Open Tabs 6.1.3. Plug-ins Plug-ins, applications that expand the abilities of Firefox, are available for download. A full list of plugins can be found at : http://channels.netscape.com/ns/browsers/plugins.jsp. 6...

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80 Chapter 6. Web Browsing ...

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Chapter 7. Email Applications Email is a very popular way of communicating with others over the Internet. An application that allows users to send, receive, and read email is called an email client. Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes several email app...

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82 Chapter 7. Email Applications If you have any questions regarding what information you need, contact your ISP or network admin- istrator. Unless properly configured, you cannot make full use of the email clients discussed in this chapter. 7.1. Ev...

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Chapter 7. Email Applications 83 Figure 7-2. Evolution Main Screen To view what is in your inbox or to send an email, click on the Mail button in the left toolbar, then select the Inbox icon from the list of folders. Figure 7-3. Evolution Inbox Scree...

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84 Chapter 7. Email Applications Figure 7-4. Evolution New Email Message Screen While Evolution does much more than read and send email, this chapter focuses exclusively on its email capabilities. To learn more about Evolution’s other features, ref...

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Chapter 7. Email Applications 85 Figure 7-5. Account Setup Figure 7-6. Thunderbird Mail To create a new email message, click the Write button. A blank message will open in a new window. Enter the address(es) of the recipient(s) of your email in the T...

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86 Chapter 7. Email Applications Figure 7-7. Thunderbird Mail New Email Message Screen To read email, click on the Get Mail icon to check for new mail. Click on the folders in the left sidebar to open them. If there are any messsages in that folder, ...