Apple PowerBook G4 Developer Note

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[Page 1] Apple POWERBOOK G4

Developer Note PowerBook G4 November 2002 ...

[Page 2] Apple POWERBOOK G4

 Apple Computer, Inc. © 2001, 2002 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopyin...

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3  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Contents Figures and Tables 7 Preface About This Developer Note 9 Contents of This Note 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 11 New Features 11 Features 12 Appearance 15 Peripheral Devices 16 S...

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4  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CONTENTS Memory Controller and Bus Bridge 24 System RAM 25 Boot ROM 25 FireWire Controller 26 Ethernet Controller 26 Video Display Subsystem 26 I/O Controller 28 DMA Support 28 Interrupt Suppo...

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CONTENTS 5  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive 48 DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive 49 Trackpad 50 Keyboard 50 Removing the Keyboard 50 Changing the Operation of the Keyboard 51 Keyboard Illustrations 51 Using the F...

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6  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CONTENTS Electrical Design of RAM SO-DIMMs 73 SDRAM Devices 74 Configuration of RAM SO-DIMMs 75 Address Multiplexing 75 RAM SO-DIMM Electrical Limits 76 CardBus Slot 77 Appendix A Suppleme...

[Page 7] Apple POWERBOOK G4

7  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Figures and Tables Chapter 1 Introduction 11 Figure 1-1 Front view of the computer 15 Figure 1-2 Back view showing I/O ports 16 Table 1-1 Feature changes 12 Chapter 2 Architecture 21 F...

[Page 8] Apple POWERBOOK G4

8  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 FIGURES AND TABLES Table 3-10 The function keys as control buttons 56 Table 3-11 Embedded keypad keys 57 Table 3-12 Control keys that change 58 Table 3-13 Picture sizes on the flat-panel displ...

[Page 9] Apple POWERBOOK G4

Contents of This Note 9  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 PREFACE About This Developer Note This developer note is a technical description of the PowerBook G4 computer. The note provides information about the computer’s ...

[Page 10] Apple POWERBOOK G4

10 Contents of This Note  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 PREFACE About This Developer Note ■ Chapter 4, “Expansion Features” (page 71), describes the expansion features of interest to developers. It includes devel...

[Page 11] Apple POWERBOOK G4

New Features 11  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction This chapter outlines the features of the PowerBook G4 computer, with emphasis on the changes from the previous models. New Features The featur...

[Page 12] Apple POWERBOOK G4

12 Features  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ■ Modem: The computer has a built-in Apple 56 Kbps modem. The modem supports K56flex and V.92 modem standard. For more information, see “Modem Sup...

[Page 13] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 1 Introduction Features 13  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 ■ Processor: The computer has a PowerPC G4 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 867 MHz or 1 GHz. For more information, see “PowerPC G4 Micropr...

[Page 14] Apple POWERBOOK G4

14 Features  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ■ CardBus slot: The computer has a CardBus slot that accepts one Type I or Type II PC card or a CardBus Card. For more information, see “CardBus Sl...

[Page 15] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 1 Introduction Appearance 15  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Appearance Figure 1-1 is a front view of the PowerBook G4 computer. Figure 1-2 is a back view showing the I/O ports. Figure 1-1 Front view of the computer Built-in speake...

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16 Peripheral Devices  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Figure 1-2 Back view showing I/O ports Peripheral Devices In addition to the devices that are included with the computer, several peripheral devices are available ...

[Page 17] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 1 Introduction System Software 17  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 ■ The PowerBook G4 Rechargeable Battery is available separately as an additional or replacement battery. ■ The Apple Portable Power Adapter, which comes with the c...

[Page 18] Apple POWERBOOK G4

18 System Software  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Computer Identification Rather than reading the box flag or the model string and then making assumptions about the computer’s features, applications that need to fi...

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction System Software 19  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 ■ Idle: The system is idling with the main processor stopped in a halted, low-power state. All clocks are running; the system can return to running code within a fe...

[Page 20] Apple POWERBOOK G4

20 System Software  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ...

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Block Diagram and Buses 21  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 2 2 Architecture This chapter describes the architecture of the PowerBook G4 computer. It includes information about the major components on the main logic board: the micr...

[Page 22] Apple POWERBOOK G4

22 Block Diagram and Buses  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 2 Architecture Figure 2-1 Block diagram memory bus Ultra-ATA bus ATA bus USB Max bus Ethernet port FireWire port DVI-I monitor connector Connector to internal display AGP bu...

[Page 23] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 2 Architecture Microprocessor and Caches 23  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Main ICs and Buses The architecture of the PowerBook G4 computer is designed around the PowerPC G4 microprocessor and two custom ICs: the Uni-N memory contr...

[Page 24] Apple POWERBOOK G4

24 Memory Controller and Bus Bridge  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 2 Architecture ■ Velocity Engine (AltiVec technology): 128-bit-wide vector execution unit ■ dual 32 KB instruction and data caches ■ an on-chip level 2 (L2) ...

[Page 25] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 2 Architecture Memory Controller and Bus Bridge 25  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 In addition to the four buses listed in Table 2-1, the Uni-N IC also has separate interfaces to the physical layer (PHY) ICs for Ethernet and FireWire...

[Page 26] Apple POWERBOOK G4

26 Memory Controller and Bus Bridge  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 2 Architecture FireWire Controller The Uni-N IC includes an IEEE 1394a FireWire controller with a maximum data rate of 400 Mbits (50 MB) per second. The Uni-N IC pr...

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CHAPTER 2 Architecture Memory Controller and Bus Bridge 27  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 ■ support for 64 MB of DDR video memory with 128-bit interface ■ 2D and 3D graphics acceleration ■ transform acceleration ■ lighting accelerati...

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28 I/O Controller  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 2 Architecture I/O Controller The I/O controller IC in the PowerBook G4 computer is a custom IC called KeyLargo. It provides the interface and control signals for the devices and f...

[Page 29] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 2 Architecture I/O Controller 29  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 devices at the same time with no degradation of their performance. If a user connects a high-speed (12 Mbps) device to one port and another high-speed device to the ot...

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30 I/O Controller  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 2 Architecture The internal modem is a separate module that contains the data pump IC and the interface to the telephone line (DAA). For more information about the modem, see “Int...

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CHAPTER 2 Architecture I/O Controller 31  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 The power management controller in the PowerBook G4 computer is a custom IC called the PMU99. It supports several power-saving modes of operation, including idle, doz...

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32 I/O Controller  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 2 Architecture ...

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USB Ports 33  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 3 Devices and Ports This chapter describes both the built-in I/O devices and the ports for connecting external I/O devices. Each of the following sections describes an I/O port or devic...

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34 USB Ports  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Figure 3-1 USB Type A port The computer provides 5-volt power at 500 mA for each of the two ports. The USB ports support both low-speed and high-speed data transfers,...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports FireWire Port 35  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 without the need to install additional software. The Mac OS for the PowerBook G4 computer includes USB Mass Storage Support 2.0, a class driver that supports devi...

[Page 36] Apple POWERBOOK G4

36 FireWire Port  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Figure 3-2 FireWire connector When the computer is on or the power adapter is connected, the power pin provides a maximum voltage of 17 V (no load) and up to 6 W ...

[Page 37] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports FireWire Port 37  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 The signal pairs are crossed in the cable itself so that pins 5 and 6 at one end of the cable connect with pins 3 and 4 at the other end. When transmitting, pins 3 ...

[Page 38] Apple POWERBOOK G4

38 Ethernet Port  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports To put the computer into target disk mode, the user holds down the T key while the computer is starting up. When Open Firmware detects the T key during the boot p...

[Page 39] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Ethernet Port 39  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 To interconnect two computers for 1000Base-T operation, you must use 4-pair cable (Category 5 or 6). The Ethernet port on the PowerBook G4 computer supports Auto-...

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40 Internal Modem  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Internal Modem The PowerBook G4 computer comes with a built-in modem. The connector for the modem is an RJ-11 connector on the back of the computer. The modem h...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports AirPort Card 41  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Data Security AirPort has several features designed to maintain the security of the user’s data. ■ The system uses direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technol...

[Page 42] Apple POWERBOOK G4

42 Hard Disk Drive  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports AirPort Software The AirPort Card includes software for setting up and using the card: ■ AirPort Setup Assistant, an easy-to-use program that guides users thro...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Hard Disk Drive 43  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Figure 3-3 Maximum dimensions of the internal hard disk 3.00 [0.118] 4.06 [0.160] 61.72 [2.430] 69.85 [2.75] M3, 2.5 mm thread depth minimum, 4 X Note: Dimensions...

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44 Hard Disk Drive  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Hard Disk Connector The internal hard disk has a 48-pin connector that carries both the ATA signals and the power for the drive. The connector has the dimension...

[Page 45] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Hard Disk Drive 45  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Signal Assignments Table 3-5 shows the signal assignments on the 44-pin portion of the hard disk connector. A slash (/) at the beginning of a signal name indicate...

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46 Hard Disk Drive  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports /IOCS16 is not used; see Table 3-6. ATA Signal Descriptions Table 3-6 describes the signals on the ATA hard disk connector. 39 /DASP 40 GROUND 41 +5V LOGIC 42 +5...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Hard Disk Drive 47  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 The built-in ATA devices are connected to the I/O bus through bidirectional bus buffers. /DDMARDY Drive ready to receive Ultra DMA data. /DIOR I/O data read stro...

[Page 48] Apple POWERBOOK G4

48 DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive Some configurations of the PowerBook G4 computer have a slot-loading DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive. The drive can read DVD medi...

[Page 49] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive 49  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive Some configurations of the PowerBook G4 computer have a slot-loading DVD-R/ CD-RW SuperDrive drive. The SuperDrive can read and ...

[Page 50] Apple POWERBOOK G4

50 Trackpad  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports The SuperDrive is an ATAPI drive. Trackpad The pointing device in the PowerBook G4 computer is a trackpad. The trackpad is a solid-state device that emulates a mouse...

[Page 51] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Keyboard 51  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 To unlock the keyboard, the user turns a slotted screw that is part of the Num Lock LED, which is between the F5 and F6 function keys. Turning the screw 180° locks or ...

[Page 52] Apple POWERBOOK G4

52 Keyboard  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Figure 3-5 Keyboard layout Figure 3-6 and Figure 3-7 include duplicate versions of some keys in order to show their alternate modes of operation. In some cases, the al...

[Page 53] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Keyboard 53  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Figure 3-6 Alternate operations of function and control keys fn key is up and checkbox is unchecked, or fn key is down and checkbox is checked. fn key is down and checkbo...

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54 Keyboard  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Figure 3-7 Embedded numeric keypad operation ? num lock is off and fn key is down. num lock is off and fn key is up. num lock is on. ...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Keyboard 55  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Using the Fn Key Pressing the Fn key affects three sets of keys: the function keys F1–F12, the embedded numeric keypad, and certain modifier keys. ■ It toggles th...

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56 Keyboard  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports their control-button mode. “Function keys secondary” means the function keys are normally in their control-button mode and pressing the Fn key selects their functi...

[Page 57] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Keyboard 57  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 The Embedded Keypad A certain group of alphanumeric keys can also function as an embedded keypad. The user selects this mode by using the Fn key or the Num Lock key. Fig...

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58 Keyboard  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports When the embedded keypad is made active by the Num Lock key, the other alphanumeric keys have no operation (NOP), as shown in Figure 3-7 (page 54). The affected keys i...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Flat-Panel Display 59  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Flat-Panel Display The PowerBook G4 computer has a built-in color flat-panel display. It is a wide-screen display (1280 by 854 pixels) and is 15.2 inches acr...

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60 External Monitors  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports External Monitors The computer has a Digital Visual Interface (DVI) connector for flat panel displays, an external video monitor, or a projection device. The ...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports External Monitors 61  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 smaller than the full screen and has a black border around it. With the resolution for the external monitor set to 640 by 480 or 800 by 600, the image on the in...

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62 External Monitors  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports When the flat-panel display and an external video monitor are operating at the same time, the system allocates 16 MB of video memory for each, enough to suppor...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports External Monitors 63  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Figure 3-8 DVI-I connector Table 3-16 Main signals on the DVI-I connector Pin Signal name Pin Signal name 1 TMDS Data2– 13 TMDS Data3+ 2 TMDS Data2+ 14 ...

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64 External Video Port  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports The graphics data sent to the digital monitor use transition minimized differential signaling (TMDS). TMDS uses an encoding algorithm to convert bytes of gra...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports External Video Port 65  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Figure 3-9 S-video connector An adapter (included) can be plugged into the S-video connector and accepts an RCA plug for connecting a composite video monitor....

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66 Sound System  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports The PowerBook G4 computer provides video output at picture sizes and frame rates compatible with the NTSC and PAL standards; the picture sizes are listed in Table...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Sound System 67  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 The PowerBook G4 computer can record sound data from the built-in microphone, an audio CD, the audio input jack, or a USB audio device. For each sound input source...

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68 Sound System  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Audio Input Jack The audio input jack is a 3.5 mm mini phone jack located on the I/O panel on the back of the computer. The audio input jack accepts line-level ster...

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CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports Sound System 69  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Internal Speakers The computer has two internal speakers, one on either side of the keyboard. The computer turns off the sound signals to the speakers when an extern...

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70 Sound System  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 3 Devices and Ports ...

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RAM Expansion Slots 71  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 4 4 Expansion Features This chapter describes the expansion features of the PowerBook G4 computer: the RAM expansion slots and the CardBus slot. RAM Expansion Slots The comput...

[Page 72] Apple POWERBOOK G4

72 RAM Expansion Slots  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 4 Expansion Features The keyboard locking screw is a slotted screw that is part of the Num Lock LED, which is located between the F5 and F6 function keys. The locking screw can ...

[Page 73] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 4 Expansion Features RAM Expansion Slots 73  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 tab in the RAM expansion slot and slide the card into the slot until the gold edge is almost invisible, then gently push the RAM expansion card into the exp...

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74 RAM Expansion Slots  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 4 Expansion Features Important The memory controller on the PowerBook G4 computer uses a separate CKE signals for each bank, as called out in the JEDEC specification. SO-DIMMs...

[Page 75] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 4 Expansion Features RAM Expansion Slots 75  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 Configuration of RAM SO-DIMMs Table 4-1 shows information about the different sizes of SDRAM devices used in the memory modules. The first two columns show t...

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76 RAM Expansion Slots  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 4 Expansion Features Important The PowerBook G4 computer supports only the types of SDRAM devices specified in Table 4-2. Other types of devices should not be used with this c...

[Page 77] Apple POWERBOOK G4

CHAPTER 4 Expansion Features CardBus Slot 77  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 The maximum current specified for active operation generally rules out the use of 4-bit-wide SDRAM devices in a RAM expansion module. Such a module would have 16 s...

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78 CardBus Slot  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 CHAPTER 4 Expansion Features ...

[Page 79] Apple POWERBOOK G4

Apple Technical Notes 79  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX A A Supplemental Reference Documents For more information about the technologies mentioned in this developer note, you may wish to consult some of the following references. ...

[Page 80] Apple POWERBOOK G4

80 PowerPC G4 Microprocessor  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX A Supplemental Reference Documents Information is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.apple.com/opengl Developer support and documentation is available at http:...

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APPENDIX A Supplemental Reference Documents Mac OS X 81  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 AltiVec Technology Programming Environments Manual (AltiVec PEM) is a reference guide for programmers. It contains a description for each instruction and...

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82 I/O Kit  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX A Supplemental Reference Documents I/O Kit The I/O Kit is part of Darwin, the operating system foundation for Mac OS X. The documentation for I/O Kit is available on Apple’s Darwin websi...

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APPENDIX A Supplemental Reference Documents RAM Expansion Modules 83  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 TN2001: Running Files from a Hard Drive in Open Firmware, at http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2001.html TN2004: Debugging Open Firmw...

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84 ATA Devices  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX A Supplemental Reference Documents ATA Devices ATA (AT Attachment), also referred to as integrated drive electronics (IDE), is a standard interface used with storage devices such as ha...

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APPENDIX A Supplemental Reference Documents FireWire Interface 85  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 USB game controllers are supported by the InputSprocket component of the Apple Games Sprockets software architecture. InputSprocket software an...

[Page 86] Apple POWERBOOK G4

86 Digital Visual Interface  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX A Supplemental Reference Documents Digital Visual Interface For information about transition minimized differential signaling (TMDS) used with digital video monitors, see ...

[Page 87] Apple POWERBOOK G4

Abbreviations and Standard Units 87  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX B B Abbreviations Here a lists of abbreviations used in this developer note. Abbreviations and Standard Units Standard units of measure used in this note include: ...

[Page 88] Apple POWERBOOK G4

88 Other Abbreviations  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX B Abbreviations Other Abbreviations Other abbreviations used in this note include: 10Base-T an Ethernet standard for data transmission at rates up to 10 Mbits per second 100B...

[Page 89] Apple POWERBOOK G4

APPENDIX B Abbreviations Other Abbreviations 89  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 DDR double data rate, a type of SDRAM DMA direct memory access DVI Digital Visual Interface EDO extended data out EIDE enhanced integrated device electronics G4 G...

[Page 90] Apple POWERBOOK G4

90 Other Abbreviations  Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002 APPENDIX B Abbreviations NOP no operation NVRAM nonvolatile random-access memory OHCI Open Host Controller Interface OS operating system PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect, an indust...

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91 Apple Computer, Inc November 2002 Index Numerals 3D graphics, reference information for 79 A abbreviations 88 accelerated graphics port. See AGP access to internal components 50, 71 AGP bus 27 AirPort Admin Utility 42 AirPort Application 42 A...

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INDEX 92 Apple Computer, Inc November 2002 E EDO devices not supported 71 Energy Star standard 19 Ethernet controller 26 Ethernet port 38 external monitors 60–64 connector 62 mirror mode with 60 pixel depths available 62 VGA, SVGA, and XGA m...

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INDEX 93 Apple Computer, Inc November 2002 M machine identification 18 memory interleaving not supported 75 microprocessor 23 microprocessor clock speeds 23 mirror mode 60 resolution settings for 61 modem 29, 40 monitor connector 62 N new feat...

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INDEX 94 Apple Computer, Inc November 2002 T Target Disk mode 37 3D graphics, reference information for 79 trackball 50 trackpad 50 U Uni-N memory controller and bridge IC 24 units of measure 87 Universal Serial Bus. See USB ports USB connectors ...